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Gambling Probability | Neural Nets

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Paul Aman
Championship Backgammon Summarized
Silho-Arts|1976|PB|40 pp|Photo

Article

Asian Art
Art from Wisdom: The Invention of Chess and Backgammon
Winter 1991|vol 4 #1|Photo

Baron Vernon Ball
Alpha Backgammon
Morrow|1980|ISBN 0688037143
Morrow|1980|PB|ISBN0688087140|224 pp|Photo

How to Make a Fortune at Backgammon
Creative Marketing Systems|1982

Ted Barr
Barr on Backgammon
Writing Works|1981|ISBN 0916076520|202 pp|Photo

Bar Point
Backgammon Up To Date with Thumb Index and 27 Diagrams
de la Rue|1931|53 pp

Bruce Becker
Backgammon for Blood
Dutton|1974|ISBN 0876901232|176 pp
Clarke, Irwin|1974|Photo
NAL/Dutton|1974|PB|ISBN: 0876901232
Avon Books|1975|PB|ISBN: 0380411377

Samual Orchart Beeton
Beeton's Books of Games (Backgammon-Croquet)
Beeton|2 volums|1866

Jeremy Paul Begai
Classic Backgammon Revisited
Flaming Sparrow Press|2001|ISBN 0943292298|199 pp|Photo

Peter Bell
Winning with the Doubling Cube -
Purchase
Gammon Press|1998|PB|ISBN: 1880604108|200 pp|Photo

Robert Charles Bell
Discovering Backgammon
Purchase
Shire Publications|1975|PB|ISBN 0852634749|48 pp|Photo

Daniel Bellamy
Backgammon: Or, the Battle of the Friars, A Tragi-Comic Tale in Verse, to which is added a Short Essay on the Folly of Gaming, by Way of Application
J. Wilford, London|1734|22 pp (Tale=16pp; essay=6 pp)
Tale reprinted in Fiske's Chess in Iceland; essay is extracted from 'Dublin Intelligencer'

Berkeley
Draughts & Backgammon
George Bell & Sons|1905|112 pp|Photo

Bernhard Montgomery Beskow
Swedish Backgammon
Bittinger Publishing Co.|1932|52 pp

Ralph A. Bond
Beginner's Book of Modern Backgammon
Sears Publishing|1930|94 pp|Photo

A Primer on Modern Backgammon
Bond Games|1930|45 pp

Steven Bosak
Gammon
[Murder mystery w/BG theme]
St. Martin's/Marek|1985|ISBN 0312316291|217 pp

Robert Bowden
Challenger Backgammon
Sport Centers of America|1977|LC#77-73685|PB|256 pp|Photo

Elizabeth Clark Boyden
The New Backgammon
Harcourt, Brace and Company|1930|viii+104 pp|Photo

Chris Bray
Backgammon - An Independent view Electra|1998|ISBN 190150105| 128 pp|Photo

Chris Bray
What Colour is the Wind?
Electra|1998|ISBN 190150105|Photo

Frank Elmer Bruelheide & Paul R. Freyd
Winning Backgammon at Sight
Bruce-Roberts|1930|40 pp|Photo

Articles

Jonathan Baxter, Andrew Tridgell & Lex Weaver
See neural nets

Arthur T. Benjamin
with A.M. Ross
Enumerating Backgammon Positions: The Perfect Hash ()
Interface|V. 16, No. 1|pp. 3-10| Spring 1997

with Mike Munson
Winning Backgammon
1994

with Andrew Ross
Optimal Racing in Backgammon
1996

Hans J. Berliner
A Program that Plays Backgammon
SIGART Newsletter No. 54|1975

Experiences in Evaluation with BKG: A Program that Plays Backgammon
Proc. of the 5th International Joint Conference on AI | 1977| Cambridge, MA|pp 428-433

Backgammon computer program beats world champion
Artificial Intelligence v.14 #2|205-220|1980

Computer Backgammon
Scientific American|64-72|June, 1980

Justin A. Boyan
Modular Neural Networks for Learning Context-Dependent Game Strategies
Download (ps)

John Boyland
Backgammon Board
Fine Woodworking|#33|p.66-67|Mar-Apr 1982

John Bradshaw
Backgammon...Lore and Lure
Playboy|v.20#3|p.119|Mar 1973

M. Buro
Efficient Approximation of Backgammon Race Equities
ICCA Journal, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 98-102. ISSN 0920-234X
Download (ps.gz)

William E. Bushey
Gammon -- An Approach to the Concept of Strategy in Game Playing Programs
Postgraduate Thesis

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Alice Howard Cady
Backgammon
A Glance into the Early History and Descriptions of the Pasttime
American Sports Publishing Company|c1895|43 pp

Carleton
Backgammon
Royal Publishing|18??|PB|25 pp

Bound with "The Checker Player's Handkbook" by Sturgess and Walker

Donald Carter
Backgammon
How to Play and Win
Holloway House|1973|PB|ISBN 0-87067-616-4|247 pp|Photo

Cavendish
Pocket Guide to Backgammon and Russian Backgammon
de la Rue|1878|21 pp|Photo

Michelin Chabot
Backgammon: How Much Should You Bet?
1981|100 pp

Backgammon: How to Maximize Your Profits and Optimize Your Cube Decisions Using the Kelly System
1983

W. & R. Chambers
Draughts Backgammon and Dominoes
Chambers|1884|80 pp

Robin Clay
Backgammon - Purchase
(Teach Yourself Series) Hodder and Stoughton|1977|PB|ISBN 0340222336|x+164 pp|Photo
NTC Publishing|1993|PB|ISBN 0844239070|164 pp

Backgammon in a Week
Hodder & Staughton|1992| ISBN 0340563893|iv+92 pp|Photo

Backgammon: Winning Strategies
Pan Books|1996|PB|ISBN 0330349813|244 pp|Photo
Purchase: Purchase

Barclay Cooke & Jon Bradshaw
Backgammon The Cruelest Game
Random House|1974|ISBN 0394488121|Photo
Random House|1974|PB|ISBN 039473243X|209 pp

Barclay Cooke
Paradoxes and Probabilities
Random House|1978|ISBN 0394501268|184 pp|Photo

Barclay Cooke and René Orléan
Championship Backgammon
Prentice-Hall|1980|ISBN 0131261029|338 pp|Photo

W. H. Copeland
Backgammon - Know the Game
E. P. Publishing|ISBN 0-7158-0173-2|31 pp |1975|Photo

Peter Crandall
Win at Backgammon
Coles|1976|PB|104 pp|Photo

Magazine Cover

Collier's
Elegant lady playing BG with gentleman
April 11, 1931

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Gregory E. Dahms
Backgammon -- Computer Computations for Exact Settlement Values and Doubling Decisions in the Late Backgame
Carleton University|1978|Pamphlet

John Davidson
Rules of Backgammon
John Jaques|16 pp. pamphlet|Photo

Lewis Deyong
Playboy's Book of Backgammon
Playboy Press|1977|PB|ISBN 087223522X|295 pp|Photo

Backgammon: Learning to Win
Barrie & Jenkins|1979|ISBN 0214204987|247 pp|Photo

Jack Dillon
How to Play Acey Deucey
Albert Whitman|1943

David Dor-El
The Clermont Book of Backgammon
Queen Anne|1975
Winchester|1975|ISBN 0876912986|v+147 pp|Photo

The Masters' Moves
David Dor-El Enterprises|1982

William Astor Drayton, Esq.
Verses on Backgammon
Union Club|1948|31 Verses|Photo

Joe Dwek
Backgammon for Profit
Stein & Day|1976|ISBN 0812819403|191 pp|Photo

Articles

Gregory E. Dahms
Backgammon: Computer Computations for Exact Settlement Values and Doubling Decisions in the Late Backgame
Fourth Annual Conference on Gambling, Reno, Nevada, Dec. 17-19, 1978

F. England
Modern Backgammon
DeLarue|1930

W. D. Eyre
Taking Some of the Luck Out of Backgammon
Ramapo Publishing|1931|Photo

Articles

Early American Life Magazine
Revival of an Ancient Game, Backgammon
Don Stern
June 1974|Vol. V, #3|pg 26

Esquire Magazine
The Gospel According to X-22
Laurence Shanes
April 1980|pg 76|Photo

George Henry Fisher
How to Play Backgammon
Little Blue Book No. 1749
Haldeman-Julius Publications|PB|60 pp

Lizann Flatt
Backgammon for Kids
Somerville House|1999|PB|ISBN 1581840519|48 pp|Photo
Purchase

F. Y. Flinton
Backgammon
Elementary Moves
Winning Way|1940

Nicholas Frantzis
Seven Popular Games of Backgammon
Exposition Press|1979|ISBN 0-682-49295-7|136 pp| Photo

The 7 games are: Ktipito (American), Plakoto (European-Middle East), The Game (The Never Finishg Game), Gioul (Plakoto Express), Moultezim (Middle East), Acey-Deucy, Blocking Express

Roy Friedman
World Class Backgammon, Move by Move
Self-published|1988,1989|ix+225 pp|Photo

Articles

Gregory Galperin and Paul Viola
Machine Learning for Prediction and Control
Re: TD-Gammon and MC simulation
Learning & Vision Group, AI Lab, MIT - pdf

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Peter Nicholas Gatsos
Modern Backgammon in a Nutshell
(Backgammon as a Military Conflict)
J. Poly & Sons|1930

Lee Genud
Lee Genud's Backgammon Book
Cliff House|1974|PB|ISBN 0843103426|158 pp|Photo

Walter Gibson
Backgammon
Castle|1974|144 pp|Photo

Backgammon: The Way to Play and Win
Harper & Row|1974 |PB|ISBN 064650049|Photo

Fell's Guide to Winning Backgammon
F. Fell Publishers|1974|ISBN 0811902358|166 pp|Photo

How to Win at Backgammon
(Previously published as Fell's Guide to Winning Backgammon)
Grosset & Dunlap|1974|PB|ISBN 0-448-14682-7|166 pp|Photo

Suzanne Goldberg & Robert Hamilton
Rules of the Game: Backgammon Purchase
Gamescape|1996|PB|ISBN: 1887594027|148 pp|Photo

Charles H. Goren
Goren's Modern Backgammon Complete
Doubleday|1974|ISBN 0385010141|208 pp
Chancellor Hall|1978|PB|192 pp|Photo

Kent Goulding
Backgammon with the Champions: Magriel v Eisenberg
KG Publication|v1#1|1981|42 pp

Backgammon with the Champions: Senkiewicz v Robertie
KG Publication|v1#2|1981|76 pp

Backgammon with the Champions: Papazian v Tomchin
KG Publication|v1#3|1981|62 pp

Backgammon with the Champions:
Chafetz v Dwek
KG Publication|v1#4|1981|61 pp

Backgammon with the Champions: Seidel v Hodis
KG Publication|v1#5|1981|51 pp

Backgammon with the Champions: Goulding v Maxakuli
KG Publication|v1#6|1982|54 pp

Backgammon with the Champions: David Leibowitz v Mike Corbett
KG Publication|v2#1|1982|70 pp + Appendix

Backgammon with the Champions: Paul Magriel v Hugh Sconyers
KG Publication|v2#2|1982|61 pp

Backgammon with the Champions:
Lee Genud v Kathy Posner
KG Publication|v2#3|1982|64 pp

Backgammon with the Champions: Nack Ballard v Sandy Lubetkin
KG Publications|v2#4|1982|70 pp

Backgammon with the Champions: Double issue
Kumar Motakhasses v Jim Pasko
KG Publication|v2#5|1982|66 pp
The Last Chance:
   Kit Woolsey v Jim Pasko
   Mike Senkiewicz v Billy Eisenberg
   Billy Horan v Jason Lester
KG Publication|v2#6|1982|60 pp

William Green, Teacher of the calculation of changes
The backgammon teacher, a treatise, new and original throughout, in which the sure means of attaining superiority at that game, are clearly pointed out. To which is annexed a familiar exposition of the manner of calculating changes, with tables of odds, and a new code of laws, founded on the best authorities
Hansard|1819|40 pp

Roy Grimse
Backgammon uno para Novatos
(Spanish)
Distribuidoro Intermex|1976|162 pp

Articles & Dissertations

Andre Maxim Gold
A Backgammon Playing Program
Thesis (B.S.) MIT, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science|Call Barker MCRFORM (Fiche 1977 B.S.) or Archives Noloan3 (Thesis E.E. 1977 B.S.)|1977|76 leaves

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F. Hardy
Handbook of Draughts and Backgammon
Frederick Warne and Company|1867|96 pp

Lelia Hattersley
How to Play the New Backgammon
Doubleday, Doran|1930|133 pp|Photo

Backgammon to Win
Award Books|1974|PB|136 pp|Photo

Hal Heinrich
Top Matches Vol. 1
Danish Backgammon Publishers|1993|ISBN 8798325027|99 pp

Advanced Backgammon
See Woolsey

Ron Held
The Backgammon Pocket Dictionary
European Backgammon News|1995|68 pp

Enno Heyken and Martin B. Fischer
The Backgammon Handbook - Purchase
Trafalgar Square|1991|Hardcover|ISBN 1852234024|232 pp|Photo

Tim Holland
Beginning Backgammon
David McKay|1973|xi+209 pp|Photo

Better Backgammon
Reiss|1974|PB|ISBN: 067914126X|vi+122 pp|Photo

Backgammon for People Who Hate to Lose
David McKay|1977|ISBN: 0679506527|Photo

Millard Hopper
Backgammon
A. S. Barnes|1941|ix+111 pp|Photo

Win at Backgammon
Dover Publications|1975|PB|ISBN: 0486228940|ix+111 pp|Photo
Purchase

How to Play Backgammon
Checkerbooks|1981|PB|111 pp
Purchase

Gaby Horowitz and Bruce Roman
Dynamic Cube Strategy
Advanced Backgammon Enterprises|1980|ix+134 pp|Photo

Edmond Hoyle
A Short Treatise on the Game of Back-Gammon
F. Cogan|1743|69 pp

R. Hoyle
How to Play Backgammon
Laurie|1931

Articles

Tim Holland
Big-Time Backgammon
Playboy|v.20#3|Mar 1973

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Jake Jacobs and Walter Trice
Can a Fish Taste Twice as Good?: Doubling in an Unequal Match
ToBak Press|1996|114 pp|Photo

Jake Jacobs
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Four- Point!
ToBak Press|1997|196 pp|Photo

Jake Jacobs, editor
Backgammon Scholar
Am. Assn. of BG Clubs|1982|67 pp

James and Mary Zita Jacoby
The New York Times Book of Backgammon
Quadrangle, New York Times Book Co.|1973|ISBN: 0812903838|175 pp

Oswald Jacoby and John R. Crawford
The Backgammon Book
Viking Press|1970|SBN 670144096|224 pp|Photo
Macmillan Canada|1970

Frederic Jessel
A Bibliography of Works in English on Playing Cards and Gaming
(Contains many BG entries to turn of 20th Century)
Longmans, Green, and Co.|1905

Reprinted by Patterson Smith as "Bibliography of Works on Playing Cards and Gaming"|1972|311 pp
(Info courtesy Mark Drive)

E. J. (Ely Jacques) Kahn, Jr.
Far-Flung & Footloose
"I Was Extremely Lucky" pp 428-443
Tales from Vegas Million-Dollar Tournament
Orig published in the New Yorker
Putnam|1978

Prince Joli Kansil
Backgammon!
Victoria Publishers|1974|PB|LC 74-20271|80 pp Photo

The Backgammon Quiz Book
Playboy Press|1978|PB|ISBN 0872164918|287 pp

Bill Kennedy & Chuck Papazian
Backgammon Master Games
Shima|1981|ISBN 0941960005|215 pp Photo

Andy Keys-Toyer
Backgammon
Dowlands Press|1977|PB|28 pp

Danny Kleinman
A Backgammon Book For Gabriel
Self-published|1994|143 pp

...But Only the Hogs Win Backgammons
Self-published|1991|244 pp

Double Sixes from the Bar
Self-published|1982|135 pp
Larry Stommen|1997|136 pp

How Can I keep from Dancing?
Self-published|134 pp

How Little we know about Backgammon
Self-published|168 pp

Is There Life After Backgammon?
Self-published|1983|148 pp

Long Road To Gammon
Self-published|1995|176 pp

Meanwhile, Back at the Chouette
Self-published|1981|142 pp

The Dice Conquers All
Self-published|228 pp|Photo
Larry Stommen|iv+210 pp|Photo

The Other side of Midnight
Self-published|142 pp

Vision Laughs at Counting with Advice to the Lovelorn (2 vol)
Self-published|1980|438 pp|Photo
Larry Strommen|1996|435 pp|Photo

Wonderful World of Backgammon
Self-published|1981|132 pp
Larry Stommen|1996|136 pp

Articles & Dissertations

M. Umit Karakas
A Design and Implementation of Backgammon Learning System
N.C. State University|1982|39 pp
DH Hill Library|Call#QA76.27.C68 no. 82-01

Emmett B. Keeler and Joel Spencer
Optimal Doubling in Backgammon
Operations Research|Vol. 23 No. 6|1975

Proper Raising Points in a Generalization of Backgammon
Rand Corporation|1969|30 pp
To order: phone (310) 451-7002 for document number P-4078

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Mike Labins & Lloyd Jerauld
Competitive Backgammon Vol. I: Genud, Pasko & Wright
Competitive Backgammon Publications|1981|Photo

Mike Labins, Marty Storer, & Bill Tallmadge
Competitive Backgammon Vol. II
Competitive Backgammon Publications|1981

Paul Lamford
100 Backgammon Puzzles
Andre Deutsch|1999|PB|ISBN 0233997148|128 pp Photo

Paul Lamford & Simon Gasquoine
Improve Your Backgammon
Globe Pequot Press
Photo

Starting Out in Backgammon
Everyman Publishers|2001|PB|ISBN 1857442822|128 pp Photo

Michael S. Lawrence
Winning Backgammon
Pinnacle|1973|PB|ISBN 0523008604|viii+239 pp Photo

John Leet
Winning Backgammon
Cassell|1998|PB|ISBN 0806904593|128 pp Photo
Purchase

John Longacre
Backgammon of Today
Winston|1930|132 pp
Bell|1973|ISBN 051712873X|130 pp Photo

James Lortz
Double....now?
Vantage Press|1995|PB|ISBN 0533112184| 267 pp

Articles & Dissertations

Thomas Grover Land
Decision-Making in a Competitive Situation: Move Selection in Backgammon
Ph.D. thesis|Johns Hopkins University|1978
Order item #7817954 from UMI

Lapidary Journal
Backgammon Cut
Robert S. Stepp
October 1991|pg 87

David Levner
Is Brute Force Backgammon Possible?
SIGART Newsletter|No. 58|1976

Michael Laurence
Backgammon...Secrets and Subtleties
Playboy|v.20#3|Mar 1973

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Georges Mabardi & Clare Boothe Brokaw
Vanity Fair's Backgammon to Win
Horace Liveright|1930|158 pp|Photo

Georges Mabardi & Clare Boothe Luce
Vanity Fair's Backgammon to Win
Simon and Schuster|1974|ISBN 671-21766-6|145 pp|Photo

Paul Magriel and Penny Mintz
The Game of Backgammon
Topalco|1973|23+ pp|Photo

Paul Magriel
Backgammon
Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co.|1976|ISBN 0-8129-0615-2| 404 pp Photo
Gammon Press|1998|PB
Purchase

An Introduction to Backgammon: A Step-By-Step Guide
Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co.|1977|ISBN 0-8129-0735-3154 pp Photo

The Game of Backgammon
GOTO Software|1999|ISBN 2-909280-05-5|Pamphlet 20 pp

The "Major"
Checker Primer
Including Backgammon & Dice
Excelsior|1877|44 pp|Photo

Napoleon Marache
Manual of Chess with the Games of Backgammon and Dominoes
Dick & Fitzgerald|1866|156 pp (incl 24 on BG)|Photo
Text is almost entirely from 'Comic Backgammon' but without illustrations.

Penny Mintz
See Paul Magriel

J. du C. vere Molyneux
Begin Backgammon
Elliot Right Way|1984|PB|ISBN 0716020750|126 pp Photo

Other Printed Material

James A. Moffet
Backgammon Calculator
Doubleday|1974

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Grosvenor Nicholas
Modern Backgammon
Henry Holt|1928|xii+110 pp|Photo

Grosvenor Nicholas & C. Wheaton Vaughan
Winning Backgammon Problems and Answers
D. Appleton|1930|xii+103 pp|Photo

Prince Alexis Obolensky and Ted James
Backgammon: The Action Game
Collier (Macmillan)|1969|PB|ISBN 0-491-00098-7|PB|171 pp|Photo

Prince Alexis Obolensky
Backgammon, Rules and Rulings
Macmillan|1976

James E. Opre
Backgammon-by-Mail
Hexagon Fun Company|1977|26 pp

Antonio Ortega
Fascinating Backgammon
Gammon Press|Photo

Antonio Ortega, Max Esquivel, Mario Madrigal and Neil Kazaross
Costa Rica 1993: Wilcox Snellings vs. Mike Senkiewics
Editorama|1994|spiral-bound|ISBN 9977121168|185 pp

Antonio Ortega, Mario Madrigal, and Danny Kleinman
Backgammon: Costa Rica 1994 Senkiewicz vs. Svobodny
Editorama|1996|spiral-bound|ISBN 9977880352|161 pp|Photo

Antonio Ortega and Danny Kleinman
Cubes and Gammons Near the End of the Match
Editorama|1997|spiral-bound|ISBN 997788409|122 pp|Photo

Jerry Grandell
His most important matches
Editorama|1999|PB|ISBN 9977880514|214 pp|Photo

Backgammon With the Giants: Neil Kazaross
Editorama|2001|PB|ISBN 9977880581|223 pp|Photo

Articles & Dissertations

Orth, P.J.
A Comment on Optimal Doubling in Backgammon
Operations Research 24|1179|1976

Oshrin, Amos
The Doubling Cube in Computer Backgammon
Thesis (B.S.) MIT, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science|Call Barker MCRFORM (Fiche 1979 B.S.) or Archives Noloan3 (Thesis E.E. 1979 B.S.)|1979|161 leaves

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George Frederick Pardon
(aka Captain Rawdon Crawley)
A Handbook of Draughts
With a Chapter on Backgammon
Routledge|2nd ed. 1863|95 pp

Backgammon: Its History and Practice
D. Bogue|1844|79 pp

Backgammon: Its History and Practice
Clarke|1860 reprint|79 pp

Backgammon: Its Theory and Practice
C. H. Clarke|1858|94 pp|Photo Backgammon & Draughts
Frederick A. Stokes|1889 Photo

Hugh Payne
Dice Analysis
[General dice probabilities]
Edwards|1947|442 pp|Photo

Susan Perry
How to Play Backgammon
Creative Education|ISBN 08912218X|1981|40 pp|Photo

Articles

Jordan Pollack, Alan Blair and Mark Land
Coevolution of a Backgammon Player
Download (pdf)
MIT Press|Proceedings of the Fifth Artificial Life Conference, Nara Japan|May, 1996

Jordan Pollack & Alan Blair
Why did TD-Gammon work?
MIT Press|Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 9, Cambridge, MA, 1996
Download (pdf)

Raquet and Tennis Club
Laws of Backgammon
Charles Scribner's Sons|1931

Arman Ratip
How to Play Backgammon
Spring|1977|ISBN 060031428661 pp|Photo

Terence Reese and Robert Brinig
Backgammon
The Modern Game
Allen|1975|ISBN 0-491-01663-8|139 pp Photo
Cornerstone|1976|Pbk
Rolls Offset|1998|Pbk|141 pp|Photo

Bill Robertie
501 Essential Backgammon Problems
Publishers' Group West|2000|ISBN: 1580420192 |Pbk|360 pp|Photo
Purchase

Advanced Backgammon
Gammon Press|One Volume|1984|ii+298 pp Photo

Two Volumes: Positional Play |ISBN 1880604027|iv+272 pp Photo
Purchase Vol. I

Technical Play |ISBN 1880604035|270 pp|Gammon Press|1991|PB Photo
Purchase Vol. II

Backgammon for Winners - Purchase
Cardoza
1993|PB|ISBN: 0940685426|94 pp Photo
1995|PB|ISBN: 0940685582

Backgammon for Serious Players - Purchase
Cardoza|1997|PB|ISBN: 094068568X|186 pp Photo

Lee Genud vs. Joe Dwek: The 1981 World Championship of Backgammon
Gammon Press|1982|PB|171 pp|Photo

Reno 1986
Gammon Press|1987|PB|Photo

Learning from the Machine: Robertie v TD-Gammon
Arlington, MA|Gammon Press|1993|PB|51 pp Photo

Reuben Roy
Roy's Game of Backgammon, wherein the Principles of the Game are explained, and the Directions of the best Players and Authorities have been Compared and Revised
Causton|c1848

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Rick Steed
Backgammon
The Meanest Game
(Cartoons)|1975|103 pp

Don Stern
Backgammon
The Quick Course to Winning Play
Drake|1973|ISBN 0883652641|224 pp Photo

Backgammon: How to Play, Gamble and Win
Lexington Press|ISBN 09043120504|1974|PB|224 pp|Photo

J.W. Stewart
How to Play Backgammon
Gaskill and Marriott|1902|32 pp

Marty Storer and Bill Tallmadge
Magriel in Boston
1980

Joshua Sturges
Hand Book of Draughts and Backgammon
H. F. Anners|1852|Photo

H.D. Symonds
Backgammon. Rules and directions for playing the game of backgammon. Illustrated with calculations, critical cases, and games.
London|Lee & Hurst|1801|32 pp|Photo

Article

Schädler, Ulrich
XII Scripta, Alea, Tabula - New Evidence for the Roman History of "Backgammon" Alexander J. de Voogt (Hrsg.), New Approaches to Board Games Research, Leiden 1995, 73-98

Shumacker, R.E. & J. Sheer & D. Leitner
Backgammon: Winning with probability
The Illinois Mathematics Teacher, 31(1), 13-19

Sports Illustrated
A War Against Luck and Disorder
Roger Dionne
June 4, 1979|page 58|Photo

Status Magazine
Opiate of the Leisure Class
July-August 1969

Oh Tee
Backgammon as Played in Hollywood
E. Hays Press|c1930|72 pp

Dave Thompson
Play Backgammon Tonight
Gambler's Book Club Press|1983|61 pp|PB|ISBN 911996-58-3

Harold Thorne
Backgammon in 20 Minutes
E. P. Dutton|1930|31 pp

Backgammon Tactics
E. P. Dutton|1931|133 pp Photo

G.I.A. Titley
Backgammon
Know the Game
Black|1994|PB|ISBN 0713637412|48 pp Photo

Jon Tremaine
The Amazing Book of Backgammon
Chartwell Books|1995|ISBN 1855017687|125 pp Photo
Purchase

Nicolaos and Vassilios Tzannes
How Good are You at Backgammon?
Simon and Schuster|1974|spiral-bound|160 pp| Photo

Articles

Tesauro, Gerald and T.J.Sejnowski
A Parallel Network that Learns to Play Backgammon
Artificial Intelligence 39:357-390|1989

Tesauro, Gerald
Neurogammon wins Computer Olympiad
Neural Computation 1:321-323|1989

Practical issues in temporal difference learning
Machine Learning|8(3/4):257-277|May, 1992

TD-Gammon, a Self-Teaching Backgammon Program, Achieves Master-level Play
Neural Computation|6:215-219|1994

Temporal Difference Learning and TD-Gammon
Communications of the ACM|v38#3|58-68|1995

Neural network defeats creator in Backgammon match
Technical Report CCSR-88-6, Center for Complex Systems Research, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 1988

Gerald Tesauro and Terrence Sejnowski
A parallel network that learns to play backgammon
Artificial Intelligence|39:357-390|1989

Neurogammon: a neural network backgammon program
Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks
V . III:33-39|1990

Edward O. Thorpe
Backgammon - The Optimal Strategy for the Pure Running Game
Second Annual Conference on Gambling, South Lake Tahoe, Nevada, June 15-18, 1975

Tuck, E.O.
Simulation of bearing off and doubling in backgammon
Math. Sci. 6 (1981), no. 1, 43--61

Doubling strategies for backgammon-like games.
J. Austral. Math. Soc. Ser. B 21 (1979.80), no. 4, 440--451.

Tric-Trac

Bibliography

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V

W

X

Magazine Cover

Vanity Fair
Flummoxed gentleman playing lady
February, 1931 (35 cents)

Bob Wachtel
In the Game Until the End: Winning in Ace-Point Endgames
Gammon Press|1993|PB|103 pp Photo

William Henry Walling and William J. Hiss
Backgammon Standards: How to Win at Backgammon
Simon & Schuster|1930|149 pp Photo

Jeff Ward
The Doubling Cube in Backgammon, Vol. 1
Aquarian Enterprises|1982|186 pp Photo

Secrets of Winning at Backgammon
Pocket Books|1984

Winning Backgammon
Simon & Schuster|1986|PB|ISBN 0346125715

Winning is More Fun
Aquarian Enterprises|1982

L. Wilson
Play Backgammon
Coles|1975|PB|94 pp|Photo

Kit Woolsey

Backgammon Encyclopedia V.1
Gammon Press|2002|124 pp|ISBN 1880604183| 124 pp Photo

Master versus Amateur
Gammon Press|1993|ISBN 1880604132|PB Photo

Lidov vs. Heinrich
Gammon Press|1994|spiral-bound|ISBN 188060406X|211 pp

Marmorstein v Greiner
Gammon Press|1994|spiral-bound|ISBN 1880604051|228 pp

Sylvester vs. Ballard
Gammon Press|1994|spiral-bound|ISBN 1880604043|140 pp

Marco A. Wiering
TD learning of game evaluation functions with hierarchical neural architectures
Master's thesis, Department of Computer Systems, University Amsterdam, April 1995 PDF

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Y

Z

Probability - Statistics - Gambling

Articles

Zadeh, N and G.Kobliska
On Optimal Doubling in Backgammon
Management Science 23|1977|853-858

Zadeh, N
On Doubling in Tournament Backgammon
Management Science 23|1977|986-993

F.N. David
Games, Gods and Gambling : A History of Probability and Statistical Ideas
Dover|PB 1998|ISBN 0486400239
Purchase

Richard A. Epstein
The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic
Academic Press|1st ed. 1969, revised 1977 ISBN 0122407504|2nd ed. 1995 PB ISBN 0-12-240761-X|450 pp
Purchase
Review: "Highly theoretical.... completely satisfying!"

Mason Malmuth
Gambling Theory and Other Topics
Two Plus Two |PB 1999|ISBN 1880685035
Purchase

Review: "Read this if you also enjoy poker."

John L. Phillips
How to Think About Statistics
Freeman|PB 1999|ISBN: 0716736543
Purchase

Review: "An excellent statistics starter. Buy it...read it!"

John Scarne
Scarne on Dice
Wilshire Book Co; ISBN: 0879804319
Purchase

Review: "Very limited backgammon assistance. "

David Sklansky
Getting the Best of It
Two Plus Two |PB 1999|ISBN 1880685043
Purchase

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Neural Nets (BG-related)

Neural Nets (General Texts)

Jonathan Baxter, Andrew Tridgell & Lex Weaver
TDLeaf(lambda): Combining Temporal Difference learning with game-tree search
Download 1-ply performance & goodness
Australian National University

G. Galperin and G. Tesauro
Parallel Monte-Carlo Simulation of Neural Network Controllers
Download

Simon S. Haykin
Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation
Prentice Hall|1998| ISBN: 0132733501|700 pp

Amanda J. C. Sharkey (Editor), S. Singh (Editor)
Combining Artificial Neural Nets : Ensemble and Modular Multi-Net Systems
Springer Verlag|1999|ISBN: 185233004X |Pbk|384 pp
Purchase

Richard S. Sutton & Andrew G. Barto
Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
Online version of book including section on TD-Gammon

Richard K; Walker, Terri C. Miller, Anne M. Ryan, Terri C. Walker
Neural Net Applications
Seai Technical Pubns|1990|ISBN: 0896711072
Purchase

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